Calcium is a very important mineral in human metabolism, making up about 1-2% of an adult human's body weight. In addition to its widely known role in bone structure, calcium is used to help control muscle. FURTHER READINGS ABOUT THE AUTHOR Bibliographies: Thomas J. Wise, A Bibliography of the Writings in Prose and Verse of William Wordsworth (London: Printed for private circulation by Richard Clay & Son, 1916; reprinted. B12 deficiency: a silent epidemic with serious consequences; Why You Should Think Twice About Vegetarian and Vegan Diets Treat and Prevent UTIs Without Drugs; The Acid-Alkaline Myth: Part 1. Professors in the United States. In the U. S., . The same terms are used outside the U. S., although they often denote different roles from in the U. S. However, the majority of university lecturers and instructors in the United States today (2. Research and education are among the main tasks of non- adjunct professors, with the amount of time spent on research or teaching depending strongly on the type of institution. Accounts with cancelled subscription will be automatically deleted upon end-of-term (EOT). Apportionment apportion v. In the context of the Constitution, apportionment means that each state gets a number appropriate to its population. For example, Representatives are. 1936 Photo Source: Robert Frost (1874-1963) . Pritchard and Stanley Burnshaw You are here: Home / Improve your writing / Australian writers: think twice before diving into the publishers’ slush pile. The stem, black and cereal rusts are caused by the fungus Puccinia graminis and are a significant disease affecting cereal crops. Crop species which are affected by the disease include bread wheat, durum wheat, barley and. Publication of articles in conferences, journals, and books is essential to occupational advancement. Department of Labor's list of . Yakoboski estimated that 7. In the United States, while . At some junior colleges without a formal ranking system, instructors are accorded the courtesy title of . Only faculty in these positions are eligible for tenure. Assistant Professor: An introductory level professor. A position generally taken after receiving a Ph. D and often, especially in the sciences, completing a post- doctoral fellowship. After 7 years, in most American colleges and universities, a tenure- track faculty member (usually assistant professor) must be either awarded tenure, or dismissed from the university. Associate Professor: A mid- level, usually tenured, professor. Professor (sometimes referred to as . Smith Professor of Physics. The titles are historical traditions; for example, it is not implied that an assistant professor . There is often a strict timeline for application for promotion from assistant to associate professor, most often 5 or 6 years following the initial appointment. Applicants are evaluated based on their contributions to research, teaching, and administration. The relative weightings of these contributions differ by institution, with Ph. D- granting universities usually placing more emphasis on research and liberal arts colleges placing more emphasis on teaching. The decision to grant tenure and promotion from assistant to associate professor usually requires numerous levels of approval, with a common sequence being: external reviewers. Otherwise, tenure is granted along with promotion from assistant to associate professor. Although tenure and promotion are usually separate decisions, they are often highly correlated such that a decision to grant a promotion coincides with a decision in favor of tenure, and vice versa. Promotion to associate professor usually results in an increased administrative load and membership on committees that are restricted to tenured faculty. Some people remain at the level of associate professor throughout their careers. However, most will apply for the final promotion to full professor; the timeline for making this application is more flexible than that for assistant to associate positions and the associate professor does not normally lose his/her job if the application is rejected. As with promotion from assistant to associate professor, promotion from associate to full professor involves review at multiple levels, similar to the earlier tenure/promotion review. This includes external reviews, decisions by the department, recommendations by members of other departments, and high- ranking university officials. Usually, this final promotion requires that the individual has maintained an active research program, and excellent teaching, in addition to taking a leadership role in important departmental and extra- departmental administrative tasks. Full professor is the highest rank that a professor can achieve (other than in a named position) and is seldom achieved before a person reaches their mid- 4. The rank of full professor carries additional administrative responsibilities associated with membership on committees that are restricted to full professors. Two- year community colleges that award tenure often use the . Candidates for tenure at those institutions would not normally need to hold a Ph. D, only the degree necessary (usually a master's) for employment as an instructor. Non- tenure- track positions. They may still be referred to casually as . This designation is bestowed on individuals who have achieved a distinguished career in a specific field of practice (engineering, management, business, law, medicine, architecture etc.), and will have a substantial basis of experience equal to a tenured professor (normally a minimum of 1. Such appointments are also being offered to individuals with academic career backgrounds. These latter professors of practice are principally engaged in teaching and are not expected to be significantly involved in research activities. Teaching assistant (TA), graduate teaching assistant (GTA), course assistant (CA), teaching fellow (TF), or graduate student instructor (GSI): Positions typically held by graduate students. TAs play a supportive role involving grading, review sessions, and labs. Teaching fellows (and at some universities, TAs or GSIs) teach entire courses. In any event, these positions are notably not considered . Even their teaching is considered part of their training as students at the university. Adjunct Faculty - professor/lecturer/instructional or sessional lecturer: Part- time, non- salaried, faculty members who are paid for each particular class they teach. Most adjunct faculty (adjuncts) are hired as a lecturer or instructor. Originally, the title adjunct professor usually involved professionals employed elsewhere full- time, or retired professional academics, and their teaching may have had a professional practice emphasis. Lecturer: A full- time or part- time position at a university that usually does not involve tenure or formal research obligations (although sometimes they choose to perform research), but can often involve administrative service roles. When in a regular, long- term salaried position of at least some minimal appointment level (e. In some colleges, the term Senior Lecturer is used for highly qualified or accomplished lecturers. A convention some schools have begun to use is the title . In professional fields where such positions typically involve a practical or skills- based emphasis (e. Research professors usually have no salary commitment from their institution and must secure their salary from external funding sources such as grants and contracts. At some institutions faculty who have retired after achieving the rank of professor are given the title . Contrary to some beliefs, assistant professors, associate professors, and full professors are all, in fact, technically professors. Usually students who have completed their doctoral studies seek positions as assistant professors in colleges and universities. As they progress in their established fields through research, teaching, and service, they can make bids for promotion and tenure, which typically elevates them to the rank of associate professor. Associate professors who continue to establish high profiles and become experts in their fields of study may bid for a promotion to full professor, which is considered an esteemed position reserved for the most successful professors working in their fields. College and university teachers who hold the rank of lecturer or instructor are typically not tenured/tenure- track faculty, and usually focus on teaching undergraduate courses, and are generally not involved in research, nor are they typically involved in department and university decision- making. For example, in the United Kingdom and in Ireland, the position of lecturer is equivalent to that of assistant professor in the US system.)Assistant professor. As of 2. 00. 7, 2. Occupation Outlook Handbook notes that a significant proportion of any growth in academic professor jobs will be due to . Tenure generally constitutes a lifetime employment agreement, and could also serve as a means of protecting faculty whose research may be socially, politically, or scientifically controversial. Rates for achieving tenure vary, depending on the institutions and areas of study; in most places at least 5. Ph. D- granting schools. The mid- level position is usually awarded after a substantial record of scholarly accomplishment (such as the publication of one or more books, numerous research articles, a successful program of external research grant support, successful teaching and/or service to the department. As of 2. 00. 7, 2. If an applicant is appointed to the rank of associate professor without tenure, the position is usually tenure- track with an expectation that the person will soon qualify for tenure. At some institutions, individuals are promoted to the rank of associate professor prior to receiving tenure. In these situations, the individual may eventually apply for tenure at that institution or, optionally, seek a tenured position elsewhere. Professor. In most traditional colleges and universities, this position is always tenured; however, this may not be the case in a for- profit private institution or certain church- affiliated universities and colleges. The rank of professor is the highest of the standard academic ranks in the United States, and is held by 2. U. S. The median age of American full professors (in 2. Very few people attain this position before the age of 4. The annual salary of full professors averages at $9. In some cases, these changes are offset by reduced teaching or research expectations. Special academic ranks (tenured). This title is also given to retired professors who continue to teach and to be listed. The title may also be given to full professors who have left for another institution but are still working full- time. The concept has in some places been expanded to include also tenured associate professors, or also non- tenure- track faculty. In some systems and institutions the rank is bestowed on all professors who have retired in good standing, while at others it needs a special act or vote. Depending on local circumstances, professors emeriti may retain office space or other privileges. The word is typically used as a postpositional adjective (. There is a third, somewhat less common usage, following the full title (e. Thailand's . In February 2. Thailand’s government raided the facility and Tiger Temple was later forced to shut down and to hand over their 1. Department of National Parks, Wildlife and Plant Conservation. Wat Pha Luang Ta Bua — better known among travelers as “Tiger Temple” — is probably the most controversial temple in Southeast Asia. You’ve probably seen pictures of people posing next to a majestic tiger, bravely holding up a tiger’s tail and grinning proudly, or perhaps even shoving a baby bottle filled with formula down a tiger cub’s mouth. Obviously great shots for Facebook. However, I’m here to tell you those photos come at a steep price. In August of 2. 01. I volunteered to work at Tiger Temple for 3. Tiger cubs are taken from their mother and given to tourists at two weeks old. Two weeks into this world, and a mother has her babies taken from her and handed over to the tourist hordes for bottle feeding and nonstop molestation. Tigers are solitary animals in the wild, but they stay with their mother until about the age of two. Two years, not two weeks. Cubs are bottle- fed daily — over, and over, and over. Tigers, tigers, tigers everywhere, but where are the rest? When I volunteered at Tiger Temple, there were two 2- week- olds, three 6- week- olds, and three 1. As I mentioned above, the temple needs babies, lots of them, because they are the cash cow of Tiger Temple. However, assuming a normal birth rate, the temple should have way more than 1. Where did the rest of the tigers go? Tigers need exercise, but few actually get to at Tiger Temple. I don’t know about you, but when I don’t exercise I tend to get fat, lazy, and upset. Now imagine a tiger whose basic existence depends on exercise. Oddly enough, many critics of the temple point to pictures of tourists with sticks with bags on them playing with the tigers as “tiger abuse” — teasing. However, this “playing” is good for the tigers — it provides exercise and mental stimulation that they desperately need. The problem is only around 2. The rest are stuck in a cage — sometimes six big cats in one cage. There’s an inherent danger to being too close to unpredictable wild animals. Photo: Author. Every year like clockwork, a tiger mauls an unsuspecting tourist. Even if the tigers are chained down like prisoners to the ground, even if the tigers are raised by humans from birth (see: stripped from their mother), there will always exist the possibility of an animal lashing out. And when a tiger lashes out, it’s not a house cat lashing out — it’s a 4. The tigers are on the equivalent of an American diet. The animals are fed boiled chicken every day. Many are overweight and have underdeveloped muscles. Tigers need to eat red meat regularly to get the enzyme taurine and other essential vitamins for their muscle development and long- term health. Tiger Temple claims they can’t give the tigers red meat because it’s “too expensive.” Too expensive? I guess the temple isn’t making much money. The money tourists “donate” doesn’t go to tiger conservation, or anything remotely related to it. Tiger Temple is a Tiger Business. And a shady one at that. The money tourists give goes first and foremost into building this big Vatican- like Buddhist temple out front. The “tourist donations” don’t help tigers in the wild, and if anything, falsely lead people into thinking they’re helping wild tiger conservation. Likewise, how can the temple claim red meat is “too expensive” to give the tigers, while turning a phat profit and building a big- ass temple out front? Just because a place is run by a bunch of “monks” doesn’t make it holy (see: monk who runs with $3. We vote with our tourism dollars, so next time you visit Thailand, instead of photo- opping with chained- up tigers, why not get up close and personal by volunteering with some rescued elephants? The tigers will thank you for it, and so will the elephants.
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